Electromagnetic corrections in eta --> 3 pi decays

We re-evaluate the electromagnetic corrections to eta --> 3 pi decays at next-to-leading order in the chiral expansion, arguing that effects of order e^2(m_u-m_d) disregarded so far are not negligible compared to other contributions of order e^2 times a light quark mass. Despite the appearance of the Coulomb pole in eta --> pi+ pi- pi0 and cusps in eta --> 3 pi0, the overall corrections remain small.Comment: 21 pages, 11 figures; references updated, version published in EPJ

Pion condensation in a dense neutrino gas

We argue that using an equilibrated gas of neutrinos it is possible to probe the phase diagram of QCD for finite isospin and small baryon chemical potentials. We discuss this region of the phase diagram in detail and demonstrate that for large enough neutrino densities a Bose-Einstein condensate of positively charged pions arises. Moreover, we show that for nonzero neutrino density the degeneracy in the lifetimes and masses of the charged pions is lifted.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures. Modifications to Section II, IIIc, and I

Customer emotions in service failure and recovery encounters

Emotions play a significant role in the workplace, and considerable attention has been given to the study of employee emotions. Customers also play a central function in organizations, but much less is known about customer emotions. This chapter reviews the growing literature on customer emotions in employee–customer interfaces with a focus on service failure and recovery encounters, where emotions are heightened. It highlights emerging themes and key findings, addresses the measurement, modeling, and management of customer emotions, and identifies future research streams. Attention is given to emotional contagion, relationships between affective and cognitive processes, customer anger, customer rage, and individual differences

Molecular mechanisms of early electrical remodeling: transcriptional downregulation of ion channel subunits reduces I(Ca,L) and I(to) in rapid atrial pacing in rabbits

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to characterize the ionic and molecular mechanisms in the very early phases of electrical remodeling in a rabbit model of rapid atrial pacing (RAP). BACKGROUND: Long-term atrial fibrillation reduces L-type Ca(2+) (I(Ca,L)) and transient outward K(+) (I(to)) currents by transcriptional downregulation of the underlying ionic channels. However, electrical remodeling starts early after the onset of rapid atrial rates. The time course of ion current and channel modulation in these early phases of remodeling is currently unknown. METHODS: Rapid (600 beats/min) right atrial pacing was performed in rabbits. Animals were divided into five groups with pacing durations between 0 and 96 h. Ionic currents were measured by patch clamp techniques; messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein expression were measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS: L-type calcium current started to be reduced (by 47%) after 12 h of RAP and continued to decline as pacing continued. Current changes were preceded or paralleled by decreased mRNA expression of the Ca(2+) channel beta subunits CaB2a, CaB2b, and CaB3, whereas significant reductions in the alpha(1) subunit mRNA and protein expression began 24 h after pacing onset. Transient outward potassium current densities were not altered within the first 12 h, but after 24 h, currents were reduced by 48%. Longer pacing periods did not further decrease I(to). Current changes were paralleled by reduced Kv4.3 mRNA expression. Kv4.2, Kv1.4, and the auxiliary subunit KChIP2 were not affected. CONCLUSIONS: L-type calcium current and I(to) are reduced in early phases of electrical remodeling. A major mechanism appears to be transcriptional downregulation of underlying ion channels, which partially preceded ion current changes

Efeito de um composto de leveduras na incidência de diarreia em bezerras criadas em diferentes sistemas de alojamento

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation of a product composed of yeast culture and enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast on the incidence of diarrhea and on the body development of dairy calves submitted to different housing systems. One hundred and nineteen calves were used in two housing systems and randomly divided into two groups: yeast group (n = 62, 36 outdoors and 26 in the corral) and control group (n = 57, 30 outdoors and 27 in the corral). The yeast group was treated with 8 ml of yeast / animal culture, which was administered orally once daily for 42 days. The zootechnical measures were analyzed and the incidence of infectious diarrhea was monitored, blood and feces were also collected. The data were submitted to analysis of variance by repeated measures of the SAS Software, Tukey’s HSD and Chi-square test, being considered a statistical difference (p≤0.05). The animals in the control group raised outdoors had a higher incidence of diarrhea (80.00%) when compared to animals in the treatment group (55.55%) (p = 0.03). The period with the highest incidence of diarrhea (96.92%) was in the first 15 days of life (p <0.001). The bacteriological analysis of feces showed that 53.38% had Enterococcus sp. and 46.61% Eschechiria coli. after the diagnosis of diarrhea, both groups (control and yeast) presented leukocytosis. It is concluded that oral yeast supplementation for animals raised in the open was able to reduce the effects of the challenges caused by this system, decreasing the incidence of diarrheaO objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação de um produto composto de cultura de levedura e levedura enzimaticamente hidrolisada na incidência de diarreia e no desenvolvimento corporal de bezerras leiteiras submetidas à diferentes sistemas de alojamento. Foram usadas cento e dezenove bezerras mantidas em dois sistemas de alojamento e divididas aleatoriamente em dois grupos: grupo levedura (n = 62, 36 ao ar livre e 26 no curral) e grupo controle (n = 57, 30 ao ar livre e 27 no curral). O grupo levedura foi tratado com 8 ml de cultura de levedura / animal, que foi administrada oralmente uma vez por dia durante 42 dias. As medidas zootécnicas foram analisadas e a incidência de diarreia infecciosa foi monitorada, também foram realizadas coletas de sangue e fezes. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância por medidas repetidas do Software SAS, Tukey’s HSD e Teste Qui quadrado, sendo considerado diferença estatística (p≤0,05). Os animais do grupo controle criados ao ar livre apresentaram maior incidência de diarreia (80,00%) quando comparado aos animais do grupo tratamento (55,55%) (p=0,03). O período de maior incidência de diarreia (96,92%) foi nos primeiros 15 dias de vida (p<0,001). As análises bacteriológicas de fezes mostraram que 53,38% apresentaram Enterococcus sp. e 46,61% Eschechiria coli. Após o diagnóstico de diarreia, ambos os grupos (controle e levedura) apresentaram leucocitose. Conclui-se que a suplementação oral de levedura para animais criados ao ar livre foi capaz de reduzir os efeitos dos desafios causados por esse sistema, diminuindo a incidência de diarrei